Bacteria cross contaminants Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7000 words

Bacteria cross contaminants - Essay Example After 24 hours of growth on both MacConkey and r2a plate, small growth was observed in all the samples. Similarly after 48 hours, large colonies were observed on both media for samples ec1 and ec2 but this was relatively higher on ec5 and ec 6.After undertaking Gram staining, it was observed that all the samples on both media had Gram positive bacteria. Catalase test indicated positive results on all the samples. According to the result findings, the most probable bacteria identified were all cocci, bacilli, and spirilla. Besides, sample ec5 and ec 6 seems to have high levels of cross contamination. These tests have been explored in the next section. Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Background By definition, Cross contamination is the transfer or physical movement of bacteria that are harmful from one place, person or object to another. It is a major factor which contributes to food poisoning, and it consists of 4 common sources that include people, work surfaces, food and equipment. Harm ful bacteria live in or can be on our bodies, particularly around or on hands and faces as well as on clothing (McKillip, 2011). Due to the fact that they exist in small numbers they never cause a disease. If it happens that, there is a transfer of these bacteria from the clothes or bodies to food, and then given a chance to multiply, it can lead to food becoming unsafe to be eaten. Bacteria have the ability to multiply and live in any crevices and cracks in equipment including the chopping boards surface cuts. After using the equipment, food bits with bacteria can remain. If there is no proper cleaning of the equipment, there will be transfer of bacteria to another food when it is used next. Surfaces including bench tops might have bacteria on them as a result of contact with people, also dirty equipment, raw foods or other things like cartons stored on the floor can contribute. If there is no proper cleaning of bench tops, there might be bacterial contamination of any food that is placed on them. The main objective of the study was to ascertain the level of cross-contamination during cleaning in an office environment 1.2 Main Concepts and Theory Cross contamination is a major factor which contributes to food poisoning. The contaminants (Bacteria) can be transferred from the clothes or bodies to food, and then when given a chance to multiply, it can lead to food becoming unsafe to be eaten. Bacteria have the ability to multiply and live in any crevices and cracks in equipment including the chopping boards surface cuts. Most of these contaminants are harmful to humans and can cause diseases when they enter the body. 1.3 Objective of Research To determine the level of cross-contamination during cleaning in the office environment 1.4 Structure of dissertation. The dissertation is divided into 6 sections; first section covers the background of the main concept explored in the study, second section explores literature review on methods and type of bacteria found i n the study, this enabled the understanding of the available methods that have been ever done successfully then borrowed the idea to the current study. It also allowed the understanding of the characteristics of various bacteria applicable to the study so that the information got can assist in the classifying and identifying the bacteria found

Literature review of manufacturing consent the political economy of Essay

Literature review of manufacturing consent the political economy of the mass media - Essay Example They state that the way in which the media reports news is normally not the most objective since it works towards the protection of the interests of those individuals with influence within the society and completely ignores those of the masses. As a result, there has developed a situation where the news which the mass media produces for public consumption is no longer necessarily in the interests of the public since it is often distorted to serve the interests of a few individuals. The news is no longer as accurate as it should be because of the fact that there is always a bias towards those who have a massive influence on the media outlets, making the latter to be ineffective in their obligations towards the public. It is mainly these issues among many others that are discussed in the book and this makes the book a very important read for those who are interested in how mass media works. Among the most fundamental issues of concern that are discussed in the book is concerning the growing size of media empires as well as their orientation to profit making (Herman & Chomsky, 1988). The principal mass media channels are large companies which are run for profit and because of this; their actions have been aimed at the realization of profits and nothing more. These institutions have been designed to cater to the financial interest of their owners, most of who have massive corporate interest, or are involved in the development of their own personal interests (Buehler, 2011). The size of media companies can be considered an indispensable product of the capital requirements for the technology to reach a massive audience, since it is through the latter that they can be able to set their agenda to the public. The global integration of media ownership is a serious issue that is tackled in the book and it can be concluded that the global integration of mass media leads to less freedom

Incentory Valuation Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Incentory Valuation - Case Study Example According to generally accepted accounting principles (GAAPs) there are three acceptable methods of valuation. These include average cost (AVCO) and First-in-first-out (FIFO) and last-in-first-out (LIFO). However, International Accounting Standards (IAS) 2 does not permit the use of LIFO (BPP 2009, p.205). The method that we have adopted is AVCO. GAAPs and IAS 2 also require that inventory be valued at the lower-of-cost-and-market value (LCM) (Hoyle and Skender 2010). This means that if the market value had fallen below cost after the year end then the inventory would require an adjustment to market value. We therefore need to compare our valuation at 31st May 2010 which is $120 with the current market price of $146. Since Palermo’s valuation is lower then the market value, we will maintain our current valuation of $120 per case. As soon as we start paying $80 per case, the average cost will decline as long as cost prices remain that way. This however, will not apply to 31st M ay 2010. Furthermore, if later on, we see a reduction in market value below our current average cost of $120, we will have no other choice but to reduce our valuation to market value and to write off as an expense. Otherwise, our valuation as it stands currently is in keeping with GAAPs and IASs. Sincerely, †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Chief Financial Officer References BPP. (2009).

How well do credit markets function in developing countries Discuss Essay

How well do credit markets function in developing countries Discuss with reference to relevant theory and evidence - Essay Example This persistency has not been justified by the lender’s hypothesis. The term used is the widespread rationing which refers to the fact that the investors and the creditors are not loaned in the ratios in which the loans are required. The formal credit has a link with the person’s wealth. The formal as well as the informal providers of the credit are inclusive of the local money lenders, landlords, the shopkeepers, relatives as well as the friends (Karlan 4). In the case of the informal credit markets, the borrowers have access to only a small number of credit markets as well as the finance institutions and money lenders. There are many arguments given, including the collateral being offered for the aim of securing the loans and it may be considered to be of higher values for the money lenders. Thereby, the lenders may be attempting to make the loans with the aim of acquisition of the assets that are often given as collateral (Townsend 67). These goals are achieved by setting the interest rates higher, thus leaving the borrower with lesser options but to be the defaulter. These reasons mark the inequalities in the land rates as well as the bonded labour as this has been especially noticed in the poorer countries and these regions have been known for uncertainties (Morduch 180). Microfinance, specially the ones used in the loans to be given out to the micro creditors, has been considered as collateral as well as costly and labour intensive. If the banks start to take interests on the microfinance, that is able to generate to the profits. The main need of the banks shall be the greater number of the micro creditors (Ray 23). The credit shall be given to these micro creditors according to the finances that are needed by them. The interest rates in the developed countries are higher as compared to the countries that are less rich. On an average, the banks have 900,000 clients for the micro credits

Brand Terrorism - a Powerful Corporate Responsibility Research Proposal

Brand Terrorism - a Powerful Corporate Responsibility - Research Proposal Example Most companies are carrying out eco-promising activities on websites, advertisements, and on the products themselves. These eco-promises can focus a particular issue such as organic or focus on the inputs’ characteristics such as chemical-free.The proliferation of both eco-labels and environmental claims cause confusion to many customers. This confusion creates uncertainty to customers about the claims to trust and when deciding the best way of making environmentally friendly purchases (Blowfield and Murray 2011, p. 56). Â  Currently, many companies, spotting this issue are working together with governmental and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to ensure that business organizations use convincingly and honest labeling, and eco-promising principle. It is my hope that this report provides an essential and useful basis that will help end this brand terrorism issue. The report also concludes with some recommendations that companies and consumers must follow and practices in order to get rid of this on-going collaboration and dialogue.The issue of brand terrorism/greenwashing has risen dramatically in recent years. The accelerating number of bolds’ commitments in high-profile organizations evidence this. Greenwashing refers to the practices carried out by many companies to make misleading or unsubstantiated environmental claims to benefit their products, services, or technology. Â  Greenwashing tends to make an organization a more environmentally friendly more than really it does. Companies also use this practice to create a difference between its products and those of its competitors by promising that their products and services have a more efficient power use or are cost-effective. The organization should value the significance of the brand.This has highly increased the need to communicate about the environmental attributes to customers concerning the products and services they purchase. This drive involves claims to improve environmental cred entials. Many companies are currently trying to improve product sourcing in relation to fish and forest, and cleaner production processes as well as the use of low harmful chemicals. In addition, most companies are taking steps to decrease the environmental footprint.

Marketing Campaign of Benetton Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Marketing Campaign of Benetton - Assignment Example Most of the companies use all forms of advertising media. The mass media is often used for advertising, such as radio, Magazine and TV; those medias are important aspect, it transfers the message that companies want their customers to know, and directly supports the selling efforts for the sales team; normally they support the advertising, so we may focus on some particular media, the reason is that the customer would like to know which brand is the most popular, so they may consider to purchasing their products. This report will consider the current and future market in Taiwan and provide an appropriate budget for Benetton; it can help Benetton to rebuild their brand image to target customers, even to purchase the products of Benetton. It would be popular to carry out the ideal of member card in Taiwan. Whenever customer purchases the products from Benetton, they can receive the voucher every time, the customers can collect it and exchange to a member card, it will give a discount whenever customers purchase the products from Benetton. 11 Benetton is a world famous clothing producer which launched in 1984 by Luciano Benetton. The family has an annual turnover of 2.0 billion euros. Benetton presents their products in 120 countries in the world. Except for "United Colors of Benetton", they developed other brands, such as Sisley, Playlife and Killer Loop. Almost 90% of the products are manufactured in Europe. Its distribution network is around 5,000 stores around the world, and there is an increasing trend on large floor-space point of sale offering high quality customer services and new generates. (www.benetton.com) The company has great negotiating power over its subcontractors, about 80 per cent of the manufacturing is done by 600 subcontractors in Italy. Benetton just focus on it's design and dyeing. Most of garments are produced in white and dyed by Benetton's fashion experts who decide the colors of the season, the company produces over 100 million garments every year, so there are keen competition between the suppliers. They both wants to be Benetton's suppliers. (www.benetton.com) Benetton's Campaign Objectives and Initiatives Objectives This report aims to look at the current and future market of Benetton Group, and evaluate the marketing communications strategy in Taiwan; it will identify the problems or positive issues and provide a recommendation of the communication mix. Furthermore, it will build a communication strategy and set up milestones for the plan which includes appropriate media and provide a budget for the company. Initiatives To achieve the aims, research objectives should be set up, and then it can be plan for it. There are several initiatives: To identify the message they wish to convey and associate with the brand To discover more customers in

Brand Terrorism - a Powerful Corporate Responsibility Research Proposal

Brand Terrorism - a Powerful Corporate Responsibility - Research Proposal Example Most companies are carrying out eco-promising activities on websites, advertisements, and on the products themselves. These eco-promises can focus a particular issue such as organic or focus on the inputs’ characteristics such as chemical-free.The proliferation of both eco-labels and environmental claims cause confusion to many customers. This confusion creates uncertainty to customers about the claims to trust and when deciding the best way of making environmentally friendly purchases (Blowfield and Murray 2011, p. 56). Â  Currently, many companies, spotting this issue are working together with governmental and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to ensure that business organizations use convincingly and honest labeling, and eco-promising principle. It is my hope that this report provides an essential and useful basis that will help end this brand terrorism issue. The report also concludes with some recommendations that companies and consumers must follow and practices in order to get rid of this on-going collaboration and dialogue.The issue of brand terrorism/greenwashing has risen dramatically in recent years. The accelerating number of bolds’ commitments in high-profile organizations evidence this. Greenwashing refers to the practices carried out by many companies to make misleading or unsubstantiated environmental claims to benefit their products, services, or technology. Â  Greenwashing tends to make an organization a more environmentally friendly more than really it does. Companies also use this practice to create a difference between its products and those of its competitors by promising that their products and services have a more efficient power use or are cost-effective. The organization should value the significance of the brand.This has highly increased the need to communicate about the environmental attributes to customers concerning the products and services they purchase. This drive involves claims to improve environmental cred entials. Many companies are currently trying to improve product sourcing in relation to fish and forest, and cleaner production processes as well as the use of low harmful chemicals. In addition, most companies are taking steps to decrease the environmental footprint.